Revisión bibliográfica: Efectos del estrés sobre el envejecimiento biológico

Franklin Javier Puco Salazar Puco Salazar

Franklin Javier Puco Salazar Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja

Palabras clave: Estrés, estrés oxidativo, senescencia, envejecimiento

Resumen

Mediante numerosas investigaciones, se ha encontrado evidencia convergente de la existencia de vías psicofisiológicas que inciden en el estrés, tanto agudo como crónico, sobre el proceso de envejecimiento. Una de las vías principales es la del estrés oxidativo, derivado del estrés crónico, cuyos efectos incluyen daños a las biomoléculas (como el ADN, los lípidos y las proteínas) y a los componentes de la células, como las mitocondrias y membranas. A su vez, estos daños pueden desencadenar la activación de la senescencia celular, cuyas repercusiones incluyen la aceleración del proceso de envejecimiento a nivel tisular, celular y génico, mediado por un tándem repetitivo de daño oxidativo y procesos inflamatorios. De acuerdo con la Organización Mundial de las Naciones Unidas (ONU), el ritmo de envejecimiento de la población se ha acelerado y se estima que, entre 2021 y 2050, el porcentaje de personas mayores de 65 años pasará del 10 al 16 por ciento a nivel mundial, lo que implica un impacto, tanto social como económico, debido a los cuidados y costos médicos que demandan las enfermedades relacionas con la edad. Se ha documentado ampliamente que tanto el estrés como el envejecimiento contribuyen al desarrollo de múltiples enfermedades crónicas y que la prevalencia del estrés es cada vez mayor en la población mundial. Por ende, aquí se presenta una integración de la amplia evidencia encontrada en la literatura sobre la aceleración el ritmo del proceso de envejecimiento que sucede como efecto del estrés, especialmente cuando es crónico.

Citas

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